Scientists studying data from a ‘lost’ satellite mission have discovered vital information about superheated gases in a galaxy cluster 240 million light years from Earth. The Hitomi X-ray satellite observed an unprecedented spectrum during an ill-fated 38 days in space, allowing scientists to analyse the composition of distant gases and gain a deeper understanding of the stellar explosions that created them.

The mission, which came to an abrupt end because of problems with its altitude control system, has given astronomers an important insight into the Perseus galaxy cluster – a collection of thousands of galaxies orbiting within a thin hot gas, all bound together by gravity.

In a paper published online this week in the journal Nature, researchers show that the proportions of elements found in the cluster are nearly identical to what astronomers see in our Sun.

Dr Poshak Gandhi, an Associate Professor from the University of Southampton’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, was among a 200-strong team of scientists involved in the international collaboration. He says: “Despite the failure of the mission soon after launch, the precious few observations that we did obtain have proven to be transformational for our understanding of superheated cosmic plasmas. Such plasmas outweigh known galaxies in clusters 10 to one, so are an essential component to our complete understanding of the Universe.

“The present study is just a glimpse of how much more remains to be learnt. And this is – almost – within our grasp. NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are planning to launch a follow-up X-ray observatory, together with the European Space Agency. I sincerely hope that the UK will be able to participate in this mission and to reap the rewards of opening up new frontiers in X-ray astronomy.â€?

Gas in the Perseus cluster averages 90 million degrees Fahrenheit and is the source of the cluster’s X-ray emission. Using Hitomi’s high-resolution Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) instrument, researchers observed the cluster between 25 February and 6 March, 2016, acquiring a total exposure of nearly 3.4 days.

One group of observed elements was closely tied to a particular class of stellar explosion, called Type Ia supernovas. These blasts are thought to be responsible for producing metals collectively known as ‘iron-peak’ elements.

The study suggests that the same combination of Type Ia supernovas producing iron-peak elements in our solar system also produced these metals in the cluster’s gas. This means both the solar system and the Perseus cluster experienced broadly similar chemical evolution, suggesting that the processes forming stars – and the systems that became Type Ia supernovas – were comparable in both locations.

Evidence of an enormous explosion that occurred more than two billion years ago has revealed important information about the extreme environment in the central, hidden, part of galaxies.

A team of astronomers, including Dr Cosimo Inserra from the University of Southampton, detected the new type of explosion in a distant galaxy during all-sky surveys published this week in the Nature Astronomy journal.

The explosion, known as PS1-10adi, is thought to occur in active galaxies that house supermassive black holes consuming the gas and material around them.

The observed event occurred 2.4 billion years ago, but the gigantic distance that its light had to travel to reach Earth meant it couldn’t be seen by astronomers until 2010. The slow evolution of the explosion allowed scientists to monitor it for several years.

During the international study telescopes on Spanish island La Palma and Pacific island Hawaii detected the event that was so energetic that there were only two possible scenarios that could explain it. The first option was a massive star – hundreds of times larger than our Sun – exploding as a supernova. The second possibility was a lower mass star that would have been shredded by the ultra-strong gravitational forces close to the supermassive black hole.

Postdoctoral Fellow Dr Cosimo Inserra from the Southampton Theory Astrophysics and Gravity (STAG) Research Centre tested the data using established physical supernova models to support the results.

“The discovery we made has revealed explosions capable of releasing an amount of energy ten times bigger than normal explosions,â€? he explains. “Our data shows that events like this are not very unusual and challenges our knowledge of exploding and disrupting stars.â€?

Lead author Dr Erkki Kankare, of Queen’s University Belfast, adds: “If these explosions are tidal disruption events – where a star gets sufficiently close to a supermassive black hole’s event horizon and is shredded by the strong gravitational forces – then its properties are such that it would be a brand new type of tidal disruption event.

“If they are supernova explosions then their properties are more extreme than we have ever observed before, and are likely connected to the central environments of the host galaxies.â€?

The international team included research institutes from Finland, Sweden, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Chile, and the US.

International research drawing upon expertise at the University of Southampton is set to influence a step change in data storage techniques by reducing the switching speeds of magnetic exchange springs to a trillionth of a second.

Scientists from the Universities of Southampton, Exeter and Oxford are working alongside project partners Seagate Technology and Diamond Light Source in the ‘Pico Second dynamics of Magnetic Exchange Springs’ programme. The three-year scheme seeks to advance the development of magnetic hard disks by creating faster writing and access to data.

The research project will channel over £640,000 of funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) as it accelerates the switching times of the storage devices from the nanosecond range of a thousand-millionth of a second through to a picosecond – a unit of time worth a trillionth of a second.

Co-Investigator Professor Graham Bowden, from Southampton’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, explains: “Over the past decade heroic efforts have been made to reduce the size of the individual magnetic bit, and speed up switching times. One of the main aims of this project is to move switching speeds into the pico-second regime. This can be achieved by pre-heating the magnetic bit using a laser pulse prior to applying a switching field. This process is known as Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR). The physics underlying HAMR is challenging but we hope to detail the dynamics of magnetic exchange springs and feed new information into the field of nano-magnetism.â€?

The EPSRC researchers also plan to carry out x-ray detected ferromagnetic resonance (X-FMR) experiments at the Advanced Light Source facility in Berkeley, California, and Diamond Light Source in Oxfordshire. Such experiments will yield information on the dynamics of magnetic exchange springs.

Scientists in the project will need to overcome and explore difficulties posed through the HAMR technique, where heat from the laser beam diffuses through the magnetic-bit, reducing the strength of the magnetic moments, magnetic anisotropy and magnetic exchange, all on a short-time scale. Modelling this behaviour will be very challenging.

Postdoctoral researchers Drs Maciej Dabrowski and Andreas Frisk are now in place at Exeter and Diamond Light Source to progress work that also includes Professors Robert Hicken and Gino Hrkac from the University of Exeter, Professor Gerrit van der Laan at Diamond Light Source and Professor Thorsten Hesjedal at the University of Oxford.

Over the past decade, the Superconductivity and Magnetism Group at the University of Southampton, under the guidance of the late Professor Peter de Groot, has been a key player in research on magnetic exchange spring systems.

Find out more about Physics and Astronomy research at Southampton.